Produced by gfdoc - a rudimentary GF document generator. (c) Aarne Ranta (aarne@cs.chalmers.se) 2002 under GNU GPL.
Aarne Ranta 2003
This is an API for the user of the resource grammar for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs.
Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are
accessed through the resource syntax API, Structural.gf.
The main difference with MorphoIta.gf is that the types
referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover
had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather
than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms.
The structure of functions for each word class C is the following:
first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all
regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function mkC, which serves as an
escape to construct the most irregular words of type C.
However, this function should only seldom be needed. For verbs, we have a
separate module BeschIta,
which covers the Bescherelle verb conjugations.
resource ParadigmsIta =
open
(Predef=Predef),
Prelude,
CommonRomance,
ResIta,
MorphoIta,
BeschIta,
CatIta in {
flags optimize=all ;
To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers.
oper
Gender : Type ;
masculine : Gender ;
feminine : Gender ;
To abstract over number names, we define the following.
Number : Type ;
singular : Number ;
plural : Number ;
Prepositions used in many-argument functions are either strings (including the 'accusative' empty string) or strings that amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' di and the 'dative' a).
Prep : Type ;
accusative : Prep ;
genitive : Prep ;
dative : Prep ;
mkPrep : Str -> Prep ;
The following prepositions also have special contracted forms.
con_Prep, da_Prep, in_Prep, su_Prep : Prep ;
mkN : overload {
The regular function takes the singular form and the gender, and computes the plural and the gender by a heuristic. The heuristic says that the gender is feminine for nouns ending with a, and masculine for all other words.
mkN : (cane : Str) -> N ;
To force a different gender, give it explicitly.
mkN : (carne : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
Worst case: give both two forms and the gender.
mkN : (uomo,uomini : Str) -> Gender -> N ;
In compound nouns, the first part is inflected as a noun but the second part is not inflected. e.g. numero di telefono. They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since they are frequent in lexica.
mkN : N -> Str -> N
} ;
Relational nouns (figlio di x) need a case and a preposition. The default is regular nouns with the genitive di.
mkN2 : overload {
mkN2 : Str -> N2 ;
mkN2 : N -> Prep -> N2
} ;
Three-place relational nouns (la connessione di x a y) need two prepositions.
mkN3 : N -> Prep -> Prep -> N3 ;
In some cases, you may want to make a complex CN into a
relational noun (e.g. la vecchia chiesa di). However, N2 and
N3 are purely lexical categories. But you can use the AdvCN
and PrepNP constructions to build phrases like this.
Proper names need a string and a gender. The gender is by default feminine if the name ends with an a, and masculine otherwise.
mkPN : overload {
mkPN : Str -> PN ;
mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN
} ;
mkA : overload {
For regular adjectives, all forms are derived from the masculine singular. Comparison is formed by pił.
mkA : (bianco : Str) -> A ;
Five forms are needed in the worst case (masc and fem singular, masc plural, adverbial), given that comparison is formed by pił.
mkA : (solo,sola,soli,sole,solamente : Str) -> A ;
With irregular comparison, there are as it were two adjectives: the positive (buono) and the comparative (migliore).
mkA : A -> A -> A
} ;
All the functions above create postfix adjectives. To switch them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in modification, as in vecchia chiesa), the following function is provided.
prefixA : A -> A = prefA ;
Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument.
mkA2 : A -> Prep -> A2 ;
Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position after the verb.
mkAdv : Str -> Adv ;
Some appear next to the verb (e.g. sempre).
mkAdV : Str -> AdV ;
Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed.
mkAdA : Str -> AdA ;
mkV : overload {
Regular verbs are ones with the infinitive are or ire, the latter with singular present indicative forms as finisco. The regular verb function is the first conjugation recognizes these endings, as well as the variations among amare, cominciare, mangiare, legare, cercare.
mkV : Str -> V ;
The module BeschIta gives (almost) all the patterns of the Bescherelle
book. To use them in the category V, wrap them with the function
mkV : Verbo -> V ;
If BeschIta does not give the desired result or feels difficult
to consult, here is a worst-case function for -ire and -ere verbs,
taking 11 arguments.
mkV : (udire,odo,ode,udiamo,udiro,udii,udisti,udi,udirono,odi,udito : Str) -> V
} ;
The function regV gives all verbs the compound auxiliary avere.
To change it to essere, use the following function.
Reflexive implies essere.
essereV : V -> V ;
reflV : V -> V ;
Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object.
(transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the V.
mkV2 : overload {
mkV2 : Str -> V2 ;
mkV2 : V -> V2 ;
mkV2 : V -> Prep -> V2
} ;
You can reuse a V2 verb in V.
v2V : V2 -> V ;
Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which the first one or both can be absent.
mkV3 : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V3 ; -- parlare, a, di
dirV3 : V -> Prep -> V3 ; -- dare,_,a
dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- dare,_,_
Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, questions, verb phrases, and adjectives.
mkV0 : V -> V0 ;
mkVS : V -> VS ;
mkV2S : V -> Prep -> V2S ;
mkVV : V -> VV ; -- plain infinitive: "voglio parlare"
deVV : V -> VV ; -- "cerco di parlare"
aVV : V -> VV ; -- "arrivo a parlare"
mkV2V : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2V ;
mkVA : V -> VA ;
mkV2A : V -> Prep -> Prep -> V2A ;
mkVQ : V -> VQ ;
mkV2Q : V -> Prep -> V2Q ;
mkAS : A -> AS ;
mkA2S : A -> Prep -> A2S ;
mkAV : A -> Prep -> AV ;
mkA2V : A -> Prep -> Prep -> A2V ;
Notice: categories V2S, V2V, V2Q are in v 1.0 treated
just as synonyms of V2, and the second argument is given
as an adverb. Likewise AS, A2S, AV, A2V are just A.
V0 is just V.
V0, V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type ;
AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ;