--# -path=.:../romance:../common:../abstract:../../prelude ----1 Catalan Lexical Paradigms ---- ---- Aarne Ranta 2003 ---- ---- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar ---- for adding lexical items. It gives functions for forming ---- expressions of open categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs. ---- ---- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are ---- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$. ---- ---- The main difference with $MorphoCat.gf$ is that the types ---- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover ---- had the design principle of always having existing forms, rather ---- than stems, as string arguments of the paradigms. ---- ---- The structure of functions for each word class $C$ is the following: ---- first we give a handful of patterns that aim to cover all ---- regular cases. Then we give a worst-case function $mkC$, which serves as an ---- escape to construct the most irregular words of type $C$. -- resource ParadigmsCat = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, CommonRomance, ResCat, MorphoCat, BeschCat, CatCat in { flags optimize=all ; -- ----2 Parameters ---- ---- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. -- oper Gender : Type ; masculine : Gender ; feminine : Gender ; ---- To abstract over number names, we define the following. -- -- Number : Type ; -- -- singular : Number ; -- plural : Number ; -- -- Prepositions used in many-argument functions are either strings -- (including the 'accusative' empty string) or strings that -- amalgamate with the following word (the 'genitive' "de" and the -- 'dative' "a"). Preposition : Type ; accusative : Preposition ; genitive : Preposition ; dative : Preposition ; mkPreposition : Str -> Preposition ; --2 Nouns -- Worst case: two forms (singular + plural), -- and the gender. mkN : (_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> N ; -- uomo, uomini, masculine -- The regular function takes the singular form and the gender, -- and computes the plural and the gender by a heuristic. -- The heuristic says that the gender is feminine for nouns -- ending with "a" or "z", and masculine for all other words. -- Nouns ending with "a", "o", "e" have the plural with "s", -- those ending with "z" have "ces" in plural; all other nouns -- have "es" as plural ending. The accent is not dealt with. regN : Str -> N ; -- To force a different gender, use one of the following functions. mascN : N -> N ; femN : N -> N ; --3 Compound nouns -- -- Some nouns are ones where the first part is inflected as a noun but -- the second part is not inflected. e.g. "número de telèfon". -- They could be formed in syntax, but we give a shortcut here since -- they are frequent in lexica. compN : N -> Str -> N ; --3 Relational nouns -- -- Relational nouns ("filla de x") need a case and a preposition. mkN2 : N -> Preposition -> N2 ; -- The most common cases are the genitive "de" and the dative "a", -- with the empty preposition. deN2 : N -> N2 ; -- aN2 : N -> N2 ; s'usa ? -- Three-place relational nouns ("la connexió de x a y") need two prepositions. mkN3 : N -> Preposition -> Preposition -> N3 ; ----3 Relational common noun phrases ---- ---- In some cases, you may want to make a complex $CN$ into a ---- relational noun (e.g. "the old town hall of"). However, $N2$ and ---- $N3$ are purely lexical categories. But you can use the $AdvCN$ ---- and $PrepNP$ constructions to build phrases like this. -- ---- --3 Proper names and noun phrases -- -- Proper names need a string and a gender. mkPN : Str -> Gender -> PN ; -- Joan -- To form a noun phrase that can also be plural, -- you can use the worst-case function. makeNP : Str -> Gender -> Number -> NP ; ----2 Adjectives -- ---- Non-comparison one-place adjectives need five forms in the worst ---- case (masc and fem singular, masc plural, adverbial). -- mkA : (fort,forta,forts,fortes, fortament : Str) -> A ; -- -- For regular adjectives, all other forms are derived from the -- masculine singular. The types of adjectives that are recognized are -- "alto", "fuerte", "util". regA : Str -> A ; ---- These functions create postfix adjectives. To switch ---- them to prefix ones (i.e. ones placed before the noun in ---- modification, as in "petite maison"), the following function is ---- provided. -- prefA : A -> A ; -- ----3 Two-place adjectives ---- ---- Two-place adjectives need a preposition for their second argument. -- mkA2 : A -> Preposition -> A2 ; -- ----3 Comparison adjectives -- ---- Comparison adjectives are in the worst case put up from two ---- adjectives: the positive ("bueno"), and the comparative ("mejor"). -- mkADeg : A -> A -> A ; -- -- If comparison is formed by "més", as usual in Catalan, -- the following pattern is used: compADeg : A -> A ; ---- The regular pattern is the same as $regA$ for plain adjectives, ---- with comparison by "mas". -- regADeg : Str -> A ; -- -- ----2 Adverbs -- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position -- after the verb. mkAdv : Str -> Adv ; ---- Some appear next to the verb (e.g. "siempre"). -- mkAdV : Str -> AdV ; -- ---- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed. -- mkAdA : Str -> AdA ; -- -- --2 Verbs -- -- Regular verbs are ones inflected like "cantar", "servir"/"dormir", or "perdre"/"treure". -- The regular verb function is the first conjugation ("ar") recognizes -- the variations corresponding to the patterns -- "actuar, cazar, guiar, pagar, sacar". The module $BeschCat$ gives -- the complete set of "Bescherelle" conjugations. regV : Str -> V ; ---- The module $BeschCat$ gives all the patterns of the "Bescherelle" ---- book. To use them in the category $V$, wrap them with the function verbV : Verbum -> V ; ---- To form reflexive verbs: -- reflV : V -> V ; -- -- Verbs with a deviant passive participle: just give the participle -- in masculine singular form as second argument. special_ppV : V -> Str -> V ; --3 Two-place verbs -- -- Two-place verbs need a preposition, except the special case with direct object. -- (transitive verbs). Notice that a particle comes from the $V$. mkV2 : V -> Preposition -> V2 ; dirV2 : V -> V2 ; ---- You can reuse a $V2$ verb in $V$. -- -- v2V : V2 -> V ; -- ----3 Three-place verbs ---- ---- Three-place (ditransitive) verbs need two prepositions, of which ---- the first one or both can be absent. mkV3 : V -> Preposition -> Preposition -> V3 ; -- parlar, a, de dirV3 : V -> Preposition -> V3 ; -- donar,_,a dirdirV3 : V -> V3 ; -- donar,_,_ ----3 Other complement patterns ---- ---- Verbs and adjectives can take complements such as sentences, ---- questions, verb phrases, and adjectives. -- -- mkV0 : V -> V0 ; mkVS : V -> VS ; mkV2S : V -> Preposition -> V2S ; mkVV : V -> VV ; -- plain infinitive: "je veux parler" -- deVV : V -> VV ; -- "j'essaie de parler" -- aVV : V -> VV ; -- "j'arrive à parler" -- mkV2V : V -> Preposition -> Preposition -> V2V ; -- mkVA : V -> VA ; -- mkV2A : V -> Preposition -> Preposition -> V2A ; mkVQ : V -> VQ ; -- mkV2Q : V -> Preposition -> V2Q ; -- mkAS : A -> AS ; -- mkA2S : A -> Preposition -> A2S ; -- mkAV : A -> Preposition -> AV ; -- mkA2V : A -> Preposition -> Preposition -> A2V ; -- ---- Notice: categories $V2S, V2V, V2Q$ are in v 1.0 treated ---- just as synonyms of $V2$, and the second argument is given ---- as an adverb. Likewise $AS, A2S, AV, A2V$ are just $A$. ---- $V0$ is just $V$. -- V0, V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type ; AS, A2S, AV, A2V : Type ; -- -- ----2 The definitions of the paradigms ---- ---- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are ---- hidden from the document. ----. Gender = MorphoCat.Gender ; Number = MorphoCat.Number ; masculine = Masc ; feminine = Fem ; singular = Sg ; plural = Pl ; Preposition = Compl ; accusative = complAcc ; genitive = complGen ; dative = complDat ; mkPreposition p = {s = p ; c = Acc ; isDir = False} ; -- -- mkN x y g = mkNounIrreg x y g ** {lock_N = <>} ; regN x = mkNomReg x ** {lock_N = <>} ; compN x y = {s = \\n => x.s ! n ++ y ; g = x.g ; lock_N = <>} ; femN x = {s = x.s ; g = feminine ; lock_N = <>} ; mascN x = {s = x.s ; g = masculine ; lock_N = <>} ; mkN2 = \n,p -> n ** {lock_N2 = <> ; c2 = p} ; deN2 n = mkN2 n genitive ; -- aN2 n = mkN2 n dative ; -- s'usa ? mkN3 = \n,p,q -> n ** {lock_N3 = <> ; c2 = p ; c3 = q} ; mkPN x g = {s = x ; g = g} ** {lock_PN = <>} ; makeNP x g n = {s = (pn2np (mkPN x g)).s; a = agrP3 g n ; hasClit = False} ** {lock_NP = <>} ; -- mkA a b c d e = compADeg {s = \\_ => (mkAdj a b c d e).s ; isPre = False ; lock_A = <>} ; regA a = compADeg {s = \\_ => (mkAdjReg a).s ; isPre = False ; lock_A = <>} ; prefA a = {s = a.s ; isPre = True ; lock_A = <>} ; -- mkA2 a p = a ** {c2 = p ; lock_A2 = <>} ; -- mkADeg a b = {s = table {Posit => a.s ! Posit ; _ => b.s ! Posit} ; isPre = a.isPre ; lock_A = <>} ; compADeg a = {s = table {Posit => a.s ! Posit ; _ => \\f => "més" ++ a.s ! Posit ! f} ; isPre = a.isPre ; lock_A = <>} ; regADeg a = compADeg (regA a) ; mkAdv x = ss x ** {lock_Adv = <>} ; -- mkAdV x = ss x ** {lock_AdV = <>} ; -- mkAdA x = ss x ** {lock_AdA = <>} ; -- regV x = -- cantar let ar = Predef.dp 2 x ; z = Predef.dp 1 (Predef.tk 2 x) ; verb = case ar of { "re" => viure_119 x ; "ir" => patir_81 x ; _ => cantar_15 x } -- "er" => deber_6 x ; -- _ => case z of { -- "u" => actuar_9 x ; -- "z" => cazar_21 x ; -- "i" => guiar_43 x ; -- "g" => pagar_53 x ; -- "c" => sacar_72 x ; -- _ => cortar_5 x -- } in verbBesch verb ** {vtyp = VHabere ; lock_V = <>} ; -- reflV v = {s = v.s ; vtyp = VRefl ; lock_V = <>} ; verbV ve = verbBesch ve ** {vtyp = VHabere ; lock_V = <>} ; special_ppV ve pa = { s = table { VPart g n => (adjFort pa).s ! AF g n ; p => ve.s ! p } ; lock_V = <> ; vtyp = VHabere } ; mkV2 v p = {s = v.s ; vtyp = v.vtyp ; c2 = p ; lock_V2 = <>} ; dirV2 v = mkV2 v accusative ; -- v2V v = v ** {lock_V = <>} ; -- mkV3 v p q = {s = v.s ; vtyp = v.vtyp ; c2 = p ; c3 = q ; lock_V3 = <>} ; dirV3 v p = mkV3 v accusative p ; dirdirV3 v = dirV3 v dative ; -- -- V0 : Type = V ; V2S, V2V, V2Q : Type = V2 ; AS, AV : Type = A ; -- A2S, A2V : Type = A2 ; -- -- mkV0 v = v ** {lock_V0 = <>} ; mkVS v = v ** {m = \\_ => Indic ; lock_VS = <>} ; ---- more moods mkV2S v p = mkV2 v p ** {mn,mp = Indic ; lock_V2S = <>} ; mkVV v = v ** {c2 = complAcc ; lock_VV = <>} ; -- deVV v = v ** {c2 = complGen ; lock_VV = <>} ; -- aVV v = v ** {c2 = complDat ; lock_VV = <>} ; -- mkV2V v p t = mkV2 v p ** {c3 = t.p1 ; s3 = p.p2 ; lock_V2V = <>} ; -- mkVA v = v ** {lock_VA = <>} ; -- mkV2A v p q = mkV3 v p q ** {lock_V2A = <>} ; mkVQ v = v ** {lock_VQ = <>} ; -- mkV2Q v p = mkV2 v p ** {lock_V2Q = <>} ; -- mkAS v = v ** {lock_AS = <>} ; ---- more moods -- mkA2S v p = mkA2 v p ** {lock_A2S = <>} ; -- mkAV v p = v ** {c = p.p1 ; s2 = p.p2 ; lock_AV = <>} ; -- mkA2V v p q = mkA2 v p ** {s3 = q.p2 ; c3 = q.p1 ; lock_A2V = <>} ; -- } ;