--# -path=.:../abstract:../../prelude --1 Swedish Lexical Paradigms -- -- Aarne Ranta 2003 -- -- This is an API to the user of the resource grammar -- for adding lexical items. It give shortcuts for forming -- expressions of basic categories: nouns, adjectives, verbs. -- -- Closed categories (determiners, pronouns, conjunctions) are -- accessed through the resource syntax API, $Structural.gf$. -- -- The main difference with $MorphoSwe.gf$ is that the types -- referred to are compiled resource grammar types. We have moreover -- had the design principle of always having existing forms, not stems, as string -- arguments of the paradigms. -- -- The following modules are presupposed: resource ParadigmsSwe = open (Predef=Predef), Prelude, SyntaxSwe, ResourceSwe in { --2 Parameters -- -- To abstract over gender names, we define the following identifiers. oper Gender : Type ; utrum : Gender ; neutrum : Gender ; Sex : Type ; masculine : Sex ; nonmasculine : Sex ; -- To abstract over case names, we define the following. Case : Type ; nominative : Case ; genitive : Case ; -- To abstract over number names, we define the following. Number : Type ; singular : Number ; plural : Number ; --2 Nouns -- Worst case: give all nominative forms and the gender. -- The genitive is formed automatically, even when the nominative -- ends with an "s". mkN : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> Sex -> N ; -- man, mannen, män, männen -- Here are some common patterns, corresponding to school-gramamr declensions. -- Except $nPojke$, $nKarl$, and $nMurare$, -- they are defined to be $nonmasculine$, which means that they don't create -- the definite adjective form with "e" but with "a". nApa : Str -> N ; -- apa (apan, apor, aporna) ; utrum nBil : Str -> N ; -- bil (bilen, bilar, bilarna) ; utrum nKarl : Str -> N ; -- karl (karlen, karlar, karlarna) ; utrum ; masculine nPojke : Str -> N ; -- pojke (pojken, pojkar, pojkarna) ; utrum ; masculine nNyckel : Str -> N ; -- nyckel (nyckeln, nycklar, nycklarna) ; utrum nRisk : Str -> N ; -- risk (risken, risker, riskerna) ; utrum nDike : Str -> N ; -- dike (diket, diken, dikena) ; neutrum nRep : Str -> N ; -- rep (repet, rep, repen) ; neutrum nPapper : Str -> N ; -- papper (pappret, papper, pappren) ; neutrum nMurare : Str -> N ; -- murare (muraren, murare, murarna) ; utrum ; masculine nKikare : Str -> N ; -- kikare (kikaren, kikare, kikarna) ; utrum -- Nouns used as functions need a preposition. The most common ones are "av", -- "på", and "till". A preposition is a string. mkFun : N -> Str -> Fun ; funAv : N -> Fun ; funPaa : N -> Fun ; funTill : N -> Fun ; -- Proper names, with their possibly -- irregular genitive. The regular genitive is "s", omitted after "s". mkPN : (_,_ : Str) -> Gender -> Sex -> PN ; -- Karolus, Karoli pnReg : Str -> Gender -> Sex -> PN ; -- Johan,Johans ; Johannes, Johannes pnS : Str -> Gender -> Sex -> PN ; -- "Burger King(s)" -- On the top level, it is maybe $CN$ that is used rather than $N$, and -- $NP$ rather than $PN$. mkCN : N -> CN ; mkNP : (Karolus, Karoli : Str) -> Gender -> NP ; npReg : Str -> Gender -> NP ; -- Johann, Johanns --2 Adjectives -- Non-comparison one-place adjectives need four forms in the worst case: -- strong singular, weak singular, plural. mkAdj1 : (_,_,_,_ : Str) -> Adj1 ; -- liten, litet, lilla, små -- Special cases needing one form each are: regular adjectives, -- adjectives with unstressed "e" in the last syllable, those -- ending with "n" as a further special case, and invariable -- adjectives. adjReg : Str -> Adj1 ; -- billig (billigt, billiga, billiga) adjNykter : Str -> Adj1 ; -- nykter (nyktert, nyktra, nyktra) adjGalen : Str -> Adj1 ; -- galen (galet, galna, galna) adjInvar : Str -> Adj1 ; -- bra -- Two-place adjectives need a preposition and a case as extra arguments. mkAdj2 : Adj1 -> Str -> Adj2 ; -- delbar, med mkAdj2Reg : Str -> Str -> Adj2 ; -- -- Comparison adjectives may need the three four forms for the positive case, plus -- three more forms for the comparison cases. mkAdjDeg : (liten, litet, lilla, sma, mindre, minst, minsta : Str) -> AdjDeg ; -- Some comparison adjectives are completely regular. aReg : Str -> AdjDeg ; -- On top level, there are adjectival phrases. The most common case is -- just to use a one-place adjective. The variation in $adjGen$ is taken -- into account. apReg : Str -> AP ; --2 Adverbs -- Adverbs are not inflected. Most lexical ones have position not -- before the verb. Some can be preverbal (e.g. "alltid"). mkAdv : Str -> AdV ; mkAdvPre : Str -> AdV ; -- Adverbs modifying adjectives and sentences can also be formed. mkAdA : Str -> AdA ; mkAdS : Str -> AdS ; -- Prepositional phrases are another productive form of adverbials. mkPP : Str -> NP -> AdV ; --2 Verbs -- -- The fragment only has present tense so far. -- The worst case needs three forms: the infinitive, the indicative, and the -- imperative. Voice: Type; passive : Voice; active: Voice; mkV : (_,_,_ : Str) -> V ; -- vara, är, var; trivas, trivs, trivs -- The main conjugations need one string each. vKoka : Str -> V ; -- tala (talar, tala) vSteka : Str -> V ; -- leka (leker, lek) vBo : Str -> V ; -- bo (bor, bo) vAndas : Str -> V ; -- andas [all forms the same: also "slåss"] vTrivas : Str -> V ; -- trivas (trivs, trivs) -- The verbs 'be' and 'have' are special. vVara : V ; vHa : V ; -- Particle verbs are formed by putting together a verb and a particle. -- If the verb already has a particle, it is replaced by the new one. mkPartV : V -> Str -> V ; -- stänga av ; -- Two-place verbs, and the special case with direct object. mkTV : V -> Str -> TV ; -- tycka, om tvDir : V -> TV ; -- gilla -- Ditransitive verbs. mkV3 : V -> Str -> Str -> V3 ; -- prata, med, om v3Dir : V -> Str -> V3 ; -- ge,_,till v3DirDir : V -> V3 ; -- ge,_,_ -- Sentence complement verbs. mkVS : V -> VS ; -- säga (att ...) -- Verb phrase complement verbs. vvInf : V -> VV ; -- orka (spela) vvAtt : V -> VV ; -- gilla (att spela) vvBoth : V -> VV ; -- försöka (spela | att spela) -- The definitions should not bother the user of the API. So they are -- hidden from the document. --. Gender = SyntaxSwe.Gender ; Sex = SyntaxSwe.Sex ; Case = SyntaxSwe.Case ; Number = SyntaxSwe.Number ; Voice = SyntaxSwe.Voice ; utrum = Utr ; neutrum = Neutr ; masculine = Masc ; nonmasculine = NoMasc ; nominative = Nom ; genitive = Gen ; singular = Sg ; plural = Pl ; active = Act; passive = Pass; mkN = \apa, apan, apor, aporna, g, x -> let {nom = table { SF Sg Indef _ => apa ; SF Sg Def _ => apan ; SF Pl Indef _ => apor ; SF Pl Def _ => aporna } } in {s = \\n,d,c => mkCase c (nom ! SF n d Nom) ; g = g ; x = x ; lock_N = <> } ; -- auxiliaries mkGenit : Tok -> Tok = \s -> ifTok Tok (Predef.dp 1 s) "s" s (s + "s") ; mkCase : Case -> Tok -> Tok = \c,t -> case c of { Nom => t ; Gen => mkGenit t } ; nApa = \apa -> let {apor = Predef.tk 1 apa + "or"} in mkN apa (apa + "n") apor (apor + "na") utrum nonmasculine ; nBil = \bil -> mkN bil (bil + "en") (bil + "ar") (bil + "arna") utrum nonmasculine ; nKarl = \bil -> mkN bil (bil + "en") (bil + "ar") (bil + "arna") utrum masculine ; nPojke = \pojke -> let {bil = Predef.tk 1 pojke} in mkN pojke (bil + "en") (bil + "ar") (bil + "arna") utrum masculine ; nNyckel = \cykel -> let {cykl = Predef.tk 2 cykel + Predef.dp 1 cykel} in mkN cykel (cykel + "n") (cykl + "ar") (cykl + "arna") utrum nonmasculine ; nRisk = \bil -> mkN bil (bil + "en") (bil + "er") (bil + "erna") utrum nonmasculine ; nDike = \dike -> mkN dike (dike + "t") (dike + "n") (dike + "na") neutrum nonmasculine ; nRep = \rep -> mkN rep (rep + "et") rep (rep + "en") neutrum nonmasculine ; nPapper = \cykel -> let {cykl = Predef.tk 2 cykel + Predef.dp 1 cykel} in mkN cykel (cykl + "et") cykel (cykl + "en") neutrum nonmasculine ; nMurare = \murare -> let {murar = Predef.tk 1 murare} in mkN murare (murar + "en") murare (murar + "na") utrum masculine ; nKikare = \murare -> let {murar = Predef.tk 1 murare} in mkN murare (murar + "en") murare (murar + "na") utrum nonmasculine ; mkFun x y = SyntaxSwe.mkFun x y ** {lock_Fun = <>} ; funAv = \f -> mkFun f "av" ; funPaa = \f -> mkFun f "på" ; funTill = \f -> mkFun f "till" ; mkPN = \karolus, karoli, g, x -> {s = table {Gen => karoli ; _ => karolus} ; g = g ; x = x ; lock_PN = <>} ; pnReg = \horst -> mkPN horst (ifTok Tok (Predef.dp 1 horst) "s" horst (horst + "s")) ; pnS = \bk -> mkPN bk (bk + "s") ; mkCN = UseN ; mkNP = \a,b,g -> UsePN (mkPN a b g nonmasculine) ; -- gender irrelevant in NP npReg = \s,g -> UsePN (pnReg s g nonmasculine) ; mkAdj1 = \liten, litet, lilla, små -> {s = table { Strong (ASg Utr) => \\c => mkCase c liten ; Strong (ASg Neutr) => \\c => mkCase c litet ; Strong APl => \\c => mkCase c små ; Weak (AxSg Masc) => \\c => mkCase c (Predef.tk 1 lilla + "e") ; Weak _ => \\c => mkCase c lilla } ; lock_Adj1 = <> } ; adjReg = \billig -> mkAdj1 billig (billig + "t") (billig + "a") (billig + "a") ; adjNykter = \nykter -> let {nyktr = Predef.tk 2 nykter + Predef.dp 1 nykter} in mkAdj1 nykter (nykter + "t") (nyktr + "a") (nyktr + "a") ; adjGalen = \galen -> let {gal = Predef.tk 2 galen} in mkAdj1 galen (gal + "et") (gal + "na") (gal + "na") ; adjInvar = \bra -> {s = \\_,_ => bra ; lock_Adj1 = <>} ; mkAdj2 = \a,p -> a ** {s2 = p ; lock_Adj2 = <>} ; mkAdj2Reg = \a -> mkAdj2 (adjReg a) ; mkAdjDeg = \liten, litet, lilla, sma, mindre, minst, minsta -> let {lit = (mkAdj1 liten litet lilla sma).s} in {s = table { AF (Posit f) c => lit ! f ! c ; AF Compar c => mkCase c mindre ; AF (Super SupStrong) c => mkCase c minst ; AF (Super SupWeak) c => mkCase c minsta --- masculine! } ; lock_AdjDeg = <> } ; aReg = \fin -> mkAdjDeg fin (fin + "t") (fin + "a") (fin + "a") (fin + "are") (fin + "ast") (fin + "aste") ; apReg = \s -> AdjP1 (adjReg s) ; mkAdv a = advPost a ** {lock_AdV = <>} ; mkAdvPre a = advPre a ** {lock_AdV = <>} ; mkPP x y = prepPhrase x y ** {lock_AdV = <>} ; mkAdA a = ss a ** {lock_AdA = <>} ; mkAdS a = ss a ** {lock_AdS = <>} ; mkV x y z = mkVerb x y z ** {lock_V = <>} ; vKoka = \tala -> mkV tala (tala+"r") tala ; vSteka = \leka -> let {lek = Predef.tk 1 leka} in mkV leka (lek + "er") lek ; vBo = \bo -> mkV bo (bo+"r") bo ; vAndas = \andas -> mkV andas andas andas ; vTrivas = \trivas -> let {trivs = Predef.tk 1 trivas + "s"} in mkV trivas trivs trivs ; vVara = verbVara ** {lock_V = <>} ; vHa = verbHava ** {lock_V = <>} ; mkPartV v p = {s = v.s ; s1 = p ; lock_V = <>} ; mkTV x y = mkTransVerb x y ** {lock_TV = <>} ; tvDir = \v -> mkTV v [] ; mkV3 x y z = mkDitransVerb x y z ** {lock_V3 = <>} ; v3Dir x y = mkV3 x [] y ; v3DirDir x = v3Dir x [] ; mkVS v = v ** {lock_VS = <>} ; vvInf v = v ** {isAux = True ; lock_VV = <>} ; vvAtt v = v ** {isAux = False ; lock_VV = <>} ; vvBoth v = v ** {isAux = variants {False ; True} ; lock_VV = <>} ; } ;