Here we have some words belonging to closed classes and appearing in all languages we have considered. Sometimes they are not really meaningful, e.g. TheyNP in French should really be replaced by masculine and feminine variants.
abstract Structural = Combinations ** {
fun
Many plural determiners can take a numeral modifier. So can the plural pronouns we and you.
EveryDet, WhichDet, AllMassDet, -- every, sg which, sg all
SomeDet, AnyDet, NoDet, -- sg some, any, no
MostDet, MostsDet, ManyDet, MuchDet : Det ; -- sg most, pl most, many, much
ThisDet, ThatDet : Det ; -- this, that
AllNumDet, WhichNumDet, -- pl all, which (86)
SomeNumDet, AnyNumDet, NoNumDet, -- pl some, any, no
TheseNumDet, ThoseNumDet : Num -> Det ; -- these, those (86)
ThisNP, ThatNP : NP ; -- this, that
TheseNumNP, ThoseNumNP : Num -> NP ; -- these, those (86)
INP, ThouNP, HeNP, SheNP, ItNP : NP ; -- personal pronouns in singular
WeNumNP, YeNumNP : Num -> NP ; -- these pronouns can take numeral
TheyNP : NP ; YouNP : NP ; -- they, the polite you
EverybodyNP, SomebodyNP, NobodyNP, -- everybody, somebody, nobody
EverythingNP, SomethingNP, NothingNP : NP ; -- everything, something, nothing
Depending on language, all, some, or none of there verbs belong to a separate class of auxiliary verbs. The list is incomplete.
CanVV, CanKnowVV, MustVV : VV ; -- can (pouvoir,savoir), must
WantVV : VV ; -- want (to do)
WhenIAdv,WhereIAdv,WhyIAdv,HowIAdv : IAdv ; -- when, where, why, how
EverywhereNP, SomewhereNP,NowhereNP : AdV ; -- everywhere, somewhere, nowhere
VeryAdv, TooAdv : AdA ; -- very, too
AlmostAdv, QuiteAdv : AdA ; -- almost, quite
OtherwiseAdv, ThereforeAdv : AdS ; -- therefore, otherwise
AndConj, OrConj : Conj ; -- and, or
BothAnd, EitherOr, NeitherNor : ConjD ; -- both-and, either-or, neither-nor
IfSubj, WhenSubj, AlthoughSubj : Subj ; -- if, when, although
We have chosen a set of semantic relations expressible by prepositions in some languages, by cases or postpositions in others. Complement uses of prepositions are not included, and should be treated by the use of many-place verbs, adjectives, and functions.
InPrep, OnPrep, ToPrep, FromPrep, -- spatial relations
ThroughPrep, AbovePrep, UnderPrep,
InFrontPrep, BehindPrep, BetweenPrep : Prep ;
BeforePrep, DuringPrep, AfterPrep : Prep ; -- temporal relations
WithPrep, WithoutPrep, ByMeansPrep : Prep ; -- some other relations
PossessPrep : Prep ; -- possessive/genitive
PartPrep : Prep ; -- partitive "of" ("bottle of wine")
AgentPrep : Prep ; -- agent "by" in passive constructions
The negative-positive (French si, German doch) is missing.
PhrYes, PhrNo : Phr ; -- yes, no
}