------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Bijections
------------------------------------------------------------------------

{-# OPTIONS --cubical-compatible --safe #-}

open import Equality

module Bijection
  {reflexive} (eq :  {a p}  Equality-with-J a p reflexive) where

open Derived-definitions-and-properties eq
open import Equality.Decision-procedures eq
open import H-level eq
open import Injection eq using (Injective; _↣_)
open import Logical-equivalence using (_⇔_)
open import Prelude as P hiding (id) renaming (_∘_ to _⊚_)
open import Surjection eq as Surjection using (_↠_; module _↠_)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Bijections

infix 0 _↔_

record _↔_ {f t} (From : Type f) (To : Type t) : Type (f  t) where
  field
    surjection : From  To

  open _↠_ surjection

  field
    left-inverse-of :  x  from (to x)  x

  injective : Injective to
  injective {x} {y} to-x≡to-y =
    x            ≡⟨ sym (left-inverse-of x) 
    from (to x)  ≡⟨ cong from to-x≡to-y 
    from (to y)  ≡⟨ left-inverse-of y ⟩∎
    y            

  injection : From  To
  injection = record
    { to        = to
    ; injective = injective
    }

  -- A lemma.

  to-from :  {x y}  to x  y  from y  x
  to-from {x} {y} to-x≡y =
    from y       ≡⟨ cong from $ sym to-x≡y 
    from (to x)  ≡⟨ left-inverse-of x ⟩∎
    x            

  -- Every right inverse of to is pointwise equal to from.

  right-inverse-unique :
    (f : To  From) 
    (∀ x  to (f x)  x) 
    (∀ x  f x  from x)
  right-inverse-unique _ right x = sym $ to-from (right x)

  -- Every left inverse of from is pointwise equal to to.

  left-inverse-of-from-unique :
    (f : From  To) 
    (∀ x  f (from x)  x) 
    (∀ x  f x  to x)
  left-inverse-of-from-unique f left x =
    f x              ≡⟨ cong f $ sym $ left-inverse-of _ 
    f (from (to x))  ≡⟨ left _ ⟩∎
    to x             

  open _↠_ surjection public

-- The type of quasi-inverses of a function (as defined in the HoTT
-- book).

Has-quasi-inverse :
   {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} 
  (A  B)  Type (a  b)
Has-quasi-inverse {A} {B} to =
   λ (from : B  A) 
    (∀ x  to (from x)  x) ×
    (∀ x  from (to x)  x)

-- An alternative characterisation of bijections.

↔-as-Σ :
   {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} 
  (A  B)   λ (f : A  B)  Has-quasi-inverse f
↔-as-Σ = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = λ A↔B  _↔_.to A↔B
                     , _↔_.from A↔B
                     , _↔_.right-inverse-of A↔B
                     , _↔_.left-inverse-of A↔B
      ; from = λ (t , f , r , l)  record
          { surjection = record
            { logical-equivalence = record
              { to   = t
              ; from = f
              }
            ; right-inverse-of = r
            }
          ; left-inverse-of = l
          }
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = refl
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = refl
  }

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Equivalence

-- _↔_ is an equivalence relation.

id :  {a} {A : Type a}  A  A
id = record
  { surjection      = Surjection.id
  ; left-inverse-of = refl
  }

inverse :  {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b}  A  B  B  A
inverse A↔B = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = Logical-equivalence.inverse
                              logical-equivalence
    ; right-inverse-of    = left-inverse-of
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = right-inverse-of
  } where open _↔_ A↔B

infixr 9 _∘_

_∘_ :  {a b c} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} {C : Type c} 
      B  C  A  B  A  C
f  g = record
  { surjection      = Surjection._∘_ (surjection f) (surjection g)
  ; left-inverse-of = from∘to
  }
  where
  open _↔_

  from∘to :  x  from g (from f (to f (to g x)))  x
  from∘to = λ x 
    from g (from f (to f (to g x)))  ≡⟨ cong (from g) (left-inverse-of f (to g x)) 
    from g (to g x)                  ≡⟨ left-inverse-of g x ⟩∎
    x                                

-- "Equational" reasoning combinators.

infix  -1 finally-↔
infixr -2 step-↔

-- For an explanation of why step-↔ is defined in this way, see
-- Equality.step-≡.

step-↔ :  {a b c} (A : Type a) {B : Type b} {C : Type c} 
         B  C  A  B  A  C
step-↔ _ = _∘_

syntax step-↔ A B↔C A↔B = A ↔⟨ A↔B  B↔C

finally-↔ :  {a b} (A : Type a) (B : Type b)  A  B  A  B
finally-↔ _ _ A↔B = A↔B

syntax finally-↔ A B A↔B = A ↔⟨ A↔B ⟩□ B 

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- One can replace either of the functions with an extensionally equal
-- function

with-other-function :
   {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b}
  (A↔B : A  B) (f : A  B) 
  (∀ x  _↔_.to A↔B x  f x) 
  A  B
with-other-function A↔B f ≡f = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = f
      ; from = _↔_.from A↔B
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = λ x 
        f (_↔_.from A↔B x)           ≡⟨ sym $ ≡f _ 
        _↔_.to A↔B (_↔_.from A↔B x)  ≡⟨ _↔_.right-inverse-of A↔B _ ⟩∎
        x                            
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = λ x 
      _↔_.from A↔B (f x)           ≡⟨ cong (_↔_.from A↔B) $ sym $ ≡f _ 
      _↔_.from A↔B (_↔_.to A↔B x)  ≡⟨ _↔_.left-inverse-of A↔B _ ⟩∎
      x                            
  }

with-other-inverse :
   {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b}
  (A↔B : A  B) (f : B  A) 
  (∀ x  _↔_.from A↔B x  f x) 
  A  B
with-other-inverse A↔B f ≡f =
  inverse $ with-other-function (inverse A↔B) f ≡f

private

  -- The two functions above compute in the right way.

  to∘with-other-function :
     {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b}
    (A↔B : A  B) (f : A  B)
    (to≡f :  x  _↔_.to A↔B x  f x) 
    _↔_.to (with-other-function A↔B f to≡f)  f
  to∘with-other-function _ _ _ = refl _

  from∘with-other-function :
     {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b}
    (A↔B : A  B) (f : A  B)
    (to≡f :  x  _↔_.to A↔B x  f x) 
    _↔_.from (with-other-function A↔B f to≡f)  _↔_.from A↔B
  from∘with-other-function _ _ _ = refl _

  to∘with-other-inverse :
     {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b}
    (A↔B : A  B) (g : B  A)
    (from≡g :  x  _↔_.from A↔B x  g x) 
    _↔_.to (with-other-inverse A↔B g from≡g)  _↔_.to A↔B
  to∘with-other-inverse _ _ _ = refl _

  from∘with-other-inverse :
     {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b}
    (A↔B : A  B) (g : B  A)
    (from≡g :  x  _↔_.from A↔B x  g x) 
    _↔_.from (with-other-inverse A↔B g from≡g)  g
  from∘with-other-inverse _ _ _ = refl _

------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- More lemmas

-- Uninhabited types are isomorphic to the empty type.

⊥↔uninhabited :  {a } {A : Type a}  ¬ A   { = }  A
⊥↔uninhabited ¬A = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = ⊥-elim
      ; from = ⊥-elim  ¬A
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = ⊥-elim  ¬A
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = λ ()
  }

-- A lifted set is isomorphic to the underlying one.

↑↔ :  {a b} {A : Type a}   b A  A
↑↔ {b} {A} = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = lower
      ; from = lift
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = refl
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = refl
  }

-- Equality between pairs can be expressed as a pair of equalities.

Σ-≡,≡↔≡ :  {a b} {A : Type a} {B : A  Type b} {p₁ p₂ : Σ A B} 
          ( λ (p : proj₁ p₁  proj₁ p₂) 
             subst B p (proj₂ p₁)  proj₂ p₂) 
          (p₁  p₂)
Σ-≡,≡↔≡ {A} {B} {p₁} {p₂} = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = to
      ; from = from
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = to∘from
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = from∘to
  }
  where
  from-P = λ {p₁ p₂ : Σ A B} (_ : p₁  p₂) 
              λ (p : proj₁ p₁  proj₁ p₂) 
               subst B p (proj₂ p₁)  proj₂ p₂

  from : {p₁ p₂ : Σ A B} 
         p₁  p₂ 
          λ (p : proj₁ p₁  proj₁ p₂) 
           subst B p (proj₂ p₁)  proj₂ p₂
  from = Σ-≡,≡←≡

  to : {p₁ p₂ : Σ A B} 
       ( λ (p : proj₁ p₁  proj₁ p₂) 
          subst B p (proj₂ p₁)  proj₂ p₂) 
       p₁  p₂
  to = uncurry Σ-≡,≡→≡

  opaque

    to∘from :  eq  to (from {p₁ = p₁} {p₂ = p₂} eq)  eq
    to∘from = elim  p≡q  to (from p≡q)  p≡q) λ x 
      let lem = subst-refl B (proj₂ x) in
      to (from (refl x))                          ≡⟨ cong to (elim-refl from-P _) 
      to (refl (proj₁ x) , lem)                   ≡⟨ Σ-≡,≡→≡-reflˡ _ 
      cong (_,_ (proj₁ x)) (trans (sym lem) lem)  ≡⟨ cong (cong (_,_ (proj₁ x))) $ trans-symˡ lem 
      cong (_,_ (proj₁ x)) (refl (proj₂ x))       ≡⟨ cong-refl (_,_ (proj₁ x)) ⟩∎
      refl x                                      

    from∘to :  p  from (to {p₁ = p₁} {p₂ = p₂} p)  p
    from∘to p = elim
       {x₁ x₂} x₁≡x₂ 
          {y₁ y₂} (y₁′≡y₂ : subst B x₁≡x₂ y₁  y₂) 
         from (to (x₁≡x₂ , y₁′≡y₂))  (x₁≡x₂ , y₁′≡y₂))
       x {y₁} y₁′≡y₂  elim
          {y₁ y₂} (y₁≡y₂ : y₁  y₂) 
            (y₁′≡y₂ : subst B (refl x) y₁  y₂) 
            y₁≡y₂  trans (sym $ subst-refl B y₁) y₁′≡y₂ 
            from (to (refl x , y₁′≡y₂))  (refl x , y₁′≡y₂))
          y y′≡y eq 
          let lem = subst-refl B y in
          from (to (refl x , y′≡y))                   ≡⟨ cong from $ Σ-≡,≡→≡-reflˡ _ 
          from (cong (_,_ x) (trans (sym lem) y′≡y))  ≡⟨ cong (from  cong (_,_ x)) $ sym eq 
          from (cong (_,_ x) (refl y))                ≡⟨ cong from $ cong-refl (_,_ x) 
          from (refl (x , y))                         ≡⟨ elim-refl from-P _ 
          (refl x , lem)                              ≡⟨ cong (_,_ (refl x)) (
             lem                                           ≡⟨ sym $ trans-reflʳ _ 
             trans lem (refl _)                            ≡⟨ cong (trans lem) eq 
             trans lem (trans (sym lem) y′≡y)              ≡⟨ sym $ trans-assoc _ _ _ 
             trans (trans lem (sym lem)) y′≡y              ≡⟨ cong  p  trans p y′≡y) $ trans-symʳ lem 
             trans (refl _) y′≡y                           ≡⟨ trans-reflˡ _ ⟩∎
             y′≡y                                          ) ⟩∎
          (refl x , y′≡y)                             )
         (trans (sym $ subst-refl B y₁) y₁′≡y₂)
         y₁′≡y₂
         (refl _))
      (proj₁ p) (proj₂ p)

-- Equalities are closed, in a strong sense, under applications of
-- certain injections (at least inj₁ and inj₂).

≡↔inj₁≡inj₁ :  {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} {x y : A} 
              (x  y)  _≡_ {A = A  B} (inj₁ x) (inj₁ y)
≡↔inj₁≡inj₁ {A} {B} {x} {y} = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = to
      ; from = from
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = to∘from
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = from∘to
  }
  where
  to : x  y  _≡_ {A = A  B} (inj₁ x) (inj₁ y)
  to = cong inj₁

  from = ⊎.cancel-inj₁

  opaque

    to∘from :  ix≡iy  to (from ix≡iy)  ix≡iy
    to∘from ix≡iy =
      cong inj₁ (⊎.cancel-inj₁ ix≡iy)              ≡⟨ cong-∘ inj₁ [ P.id , const x ] ix≡iy 
      cong f ix≡iy                                 ≡⟨ cong-roughly-id f p ix≡iy _ _ f≡id 
      trans (refl _) (trans ix≡iy $ sym (refl _))  ≡⟨ trans-reflˡ _ 
      trans ix≡iy (sym $ refl _)                   ≡⟨ cong (trans ix≡iy) sym-refl 
      trans ix≡iy (refl _)                         ≡⟨ trans-reflʳ _ ⟩∎
      ix≡iy                                        
      where
      f : A  B  A  B
      f = inj₁  [ P.id , const x ]

      p : A  B  Bool
      p = if_then true else false

      f≡id :  z  T (p z)  f z  z
      f≡id (inj₁ x) = const (refl (inj₁ x))
      f≡id (inj₂ y) = ⊥-elim

    from∘to :  x≡y  from (to x≡y)  x≡y
    from∘to x≡y =
      cong [ P.id , const x ] (cong inj₁ x≡y)  ≡⟨ cong-∘ [ P.id , const x ] inj₁ _ 
      cong P.id x≡y                            ≡⟨ sym $ cong-id _ ⟩∎
      x≡y                                      

≡↔inj₂≡inj₂ :  {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} {x y : B} 
              (x  y)  _≡_ {A = A  B} (inj₂ x) (inj₂ y)
≡↔inj₂≡inj₂ {A} {B} {x} {y} = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = to
      ; from = from
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = to∘from
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = from∘to
  }
  where
  to : x  y  _≡_ {A = A  B} (inj₂ x) (inj₂ y)
  to = cong inj₂

  from = ⊎.cancel-inj₂

  opaque

    to∘from :  ix≡iy  to (from ix≡iy)  ix≡iy
    to∘from ix≡iy =
      cong inj₂ (⊎.cancel-inj₂ ix≡iy)              ≡⟨ cong-∘ inj₂ [ const x , P.id ] ix≡iy 
      cong f ix≡iy                                 ≡⟨ cong-roughly-id f p ix≡iy _ _ f≡id 
      trans (refl _) (trans ix≡iy $ sym (refl _))  ≡⟨ trans-reflˡ _ 
      trans ix≡iy (sym $ refl _)                   ≡⟨ cong (trans ix≡iy) sym-refl 
      trans ix≡iy (refl _)                         ≡⟨ trans-reflʳ _ ⟩∎
      ix≡iy                                        
      where
      f : A  B  A  B
      f = inj₂  [ const x , P.id ]

      p : A  B  Bool
      p = if_then false else true

      f≡id :  z  T (p z)  f z  z
      f≡id (inj₁ x) = ⊥-elim
      f≡id (inj₂ y) = const (refl (inj₂ y))

    from∘to :  x≡y  from (to x≡y)  x≡y
    from∘to x≡y =
      cong [ const x , P.id ] (cong inj₂ x≡y)  ≡⟨ cong-∘ [ const x , P.id ] inj₂ _ 
      cong P.id x≡y                            ≡⟨ sym $ cong-id _ ⟩∎
      x≡y                                      

-- An alternative characterisation of equality for binary sums.

Equality-⊎ :  {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} 
             A  B  A  B  Type (a  b)
Equality-⊎ {b} (inj₁ x) (inj₁ y) =  b (x  y)
Equality-⊎     (inj₁ x) (inj₂ y) = 
Equality-⊎     (inj₂ x) (inj₁ y) = 
Equality-⊎ {a} (inj₂ x) (inj₂ y) =  a (x  y)

≡↔⊎ :  {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} {x y : A  B} 
      x  y  Equality-⊎ x y
≡↔⊎ {x = inj₁ x} {inj₁ y} = inj₁ x  inj₁ y  ↔⟨ inverse ≡↔inj₁≡inj₁ 
                            x  y            ↔⟨ inverse ↑↔ ⟩□
                             _ (x  y)      
≡↔⊎ {x = inj₁ x} {inj₂ y} = inj₁ x  inj₂ y  ↔⟨ inverse (⊥↔uninhabited ⊎.inj₁≢inj₂) ⟩□
                                            
≡↔⊎ {x = inj₂ x} {inj₁ y} = inj₂ x  inj₁ y  ↔⟨ inverse (⊥↔uninhabited (⊎.inj₁≢inj₂  sym)) ⟩□
                                            
≡↔⊎ {x = inj₂ x} {inj₂ y} = inj₂ x  inj₂ y  ↔⟨ inverse ≡↔inj₂≡inj₂ 
                            x  y            ↔⟨ inverse ↑↔ ⟩□
                             _ (x  y)      

-- Decidable equality respects bijections.

decidable-equality-respects :
   {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} 
  A  B  Decidable-equality A  Decidable-equality B
decidable-equality-respects A↔B _≟A_ x y =
  ⊎-map (_↔_.injective (inverse A↔B))
                        from-x≢from-y  from-x≢from-y  cong from)
        (from x ≟A from y)
  where open _↔_ A↔B

-- All contractible types are isomorphic.

contractible-isomorphic :
   {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} 
  Contractible A  Contractible B  A  B
contractible-isomorphic {A} {B} cA cB = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = const (proj₁ cB)
      ; from = const (proj₁ cA)
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = proj₂ cB
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = proj₂ cA
  }

-- Implicit and explicit Π's are isomorphic.

implicit-Π↔Π :  {a b} {A : Type a} {B : A  Type b} 
               ({x : A}  B x)  ((x : A)  B x)
implicit-Π↔Π = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = λ f x  f {x}
      ; from = λ f {x}  f x
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = refl
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = refl
  }

-- Implicit and explicit Π's with erased domains are isomorphic.

implicit-Πᴱ↔Πᴱ :
   {a b} {A : Type a} {B : A  Type b} 
  ({@0 x : A}  B x)  ((@0 x : A)  B x)
implicit-Πᴱ↔Πᴱ = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = λ f x  f {x}
      ; from = λ f {x}  f x
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = refl
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = refl
  }

-- A variant of implicit-Πᴱ↔Πᴱ.

implicit-Πᴱ↔Πᴱ′ :
   {a b} {@0 A : Type a} {B : @0 A  Type b} 
  ({@0 x : A}  B x)  ((@0 x : A)  B x)
implicit-Πᴱ↔Πᴱ′ {A} {B} = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = λ f x  f {x}
      ; from = λ f {x}  f x
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = refl {A = (@0 x : A)  B x}
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = refl {A = {@0 x : A}  B x}
  }

-- Σ is associative.

Σ-assoc :  {a b c}
            {A : Type a} {B : A  Type b} {C : (x : A)  B x  Type c} 
          (Σ A λ x  Σ (B x) (C x))  Σ (Σ A B) (uncurry C)
Σ-assoc = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = λ { (x , (y , z))  (x , y) , z }
      ; from = λ { ((x , y) , z)  x , (y , z) }
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = refl
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = refl
  }

-- Π and Σ commute (in a certain sense).

ΠΣ-comm :
   {a b c} {A : Type a} {B : A  Type b} {C : (x : A)  B x  Type c} 
  (∀ x   λ (y : B x)  C x y)
    
  ( λ (f :  x  B x)   x  C x (f x))
ΠΣ-comm = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = λ f  proj₁  f , proj₂  f
      ; from = λ { (f , g) x  f x , g x }
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = refl
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = refl
  }

-- Equality is commutative.

≡-comm :
   {a} {A : Type a} {x y : A} 
  x  y  y  x
≡-comm = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record { to = sym }
    ; right-inverse-of    = sym-sym
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = sym-sym
  }

-- Families of functions that satisfy a kind of involution property
-- can be turned into bijections.

bijection-from-involutive-family :
   {a b} {A : Type a} {B : A  Type b} 
  (f :  a₁ a₂  B a₁  B a₂) 
  (∀ a₁ a₂ (x : B a₁)  f _ _ (f _ a₂ x)  x) 
   a₁ a₂  B a₁  B a₂
bijection-from-involutive-family f f-involutive _ _ = record
  { surjection = record
    { logical-equivalence = record
      { to   = f _ _
      ; from = f _ _
      }
    ; right-inverse-of = f-involutive _ _
    }
  ; left-inverse-of = f-involutive _ _
  }

opaque

  -- An equality rearrangement lemma.

  trans-to-to≡to-trans :
     {a b} {A : Type a} {B : Type b} {f : A  B}
    (iso :  x y  f x  f y  x  y) 
    (∀ x  _↔_.from (iso x x) (refl x)  refl (f x)) 
     {x y z p q} 
    trans (_↔_.to (iso x y) p) (_↔_.to (iso y z) q) 
    _↔_.to (iso x z) (trans p q)
  trans-to-to≡to-trans {f} iso iso-refl {x} {y} {z} {p} {q} =
    trans (_↔_.to (iso x y) p) (_↔_.to (iso y z) q)               ≡⟨ elim₁  {x} p  trans p (_↔_.to (iso y z) q) 
                                                                                      _↔_.to (iso x z) (trans (_↔_.from (iso x y) p) q)) (
        trans (refl y) (_↔_.to (iso y z) q)                              ≡⟨ trans-reflˡ _ 
        _↔_.to (iso y z) q                                               ≡⟨ cong (_↔_.to (iso y z)) $ sym $ trans-reflˡ _ 
        _↔_.to (iso y z) (trans (refl (f y)) q)                          ≡⟨ cong (_↔_.to (iso y z)  flip trans _) $ sym $ iso-refl y ⟩∎
        _↔_.to (iso y z) (trans (_↔_.from (iso y y) (refl y)) q)         )
                                                                           (_↔_.to (iso x y) p) 
    _↔_.to (iso x z)
      (trans (_↔_.from (iso x y) (_↔_.to (iso x y) p)) q)         ≡⟨ cong (_↔_.to (iso x z)  flip trans _) $
                                                                       _↔_.left-inverse-of (iso _ _) _ ⟩∎
    _↔_.to (iso x z) (trans p q)