You have to complete 4 out of the following 5 assignments to get a pass on the exam.

that given a text (as a string), returns a list with all web addresses (URLs) in that text. We say that web addresses are words that start with the string “http://”.

Fork l r represents a road on which turning left leads to another road l and turning right leads to the road r.

4. Write a QuickCheck property that expresses the fact that nub never returns a list that is longer than its argument.

which takes two file names, and copies the contents of the first file to the second file.

6. Herman is implementing a car navigation system for Android devices. As the internal representation of maps, he decided to use the Road data type from assignment 3. One part of the system’s functionality is to be able to present a list of directions given a current position and a destination. The car’s current position is represented as a value of type Road, and the result of the navigation system is a list of “turns”, where a turn is either left or right:

Implement the function roadMap which generates the list of directions to reach a given city:

A call to this function takes the form roadMap city pos, where city is the destination city and pos is the car’s current position.

7. In this assignment, you will implement a text processing function called fill that fills paragraphs of text. Your function will take two arguments: (1) an integer indicating the line width of the text, and (2) a list of words. It should then produce a list of lines (the text) containing all the words in the right order, but not exceeding the specified line width.

Here are two examples of its use, demonstrating the effect of line widths 35 and 50 on the same text (taken from the Wikipedia entry on cats):


{-
This is a list of selected functions from the standard Haskell modules:

  Prelude
  Data.List
  Data.Maybe
  Data.Char
-}

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- standard type classes

class Show a where
  show :: a -> String

class Eq a where
  (==), (/=) :: a -> a -> Bool

class (Eq a) => Ord a where
  (<), (<=), (>=), (>) :: a -> a -> Bool
  max, min             :: a -> a -> a

class (Eq a, Show a) => Num a where
  (+), (-), (*)    :: a -> a -> a
  negate           :: a -> a
  abs, signum      :: a -> a
  fromInteger      :: Integer -> a

class (Num a, Ord a) => Real a where
  toRational       ::  a -> Rational

class (Real a, Enum a) => Integral a where
  quot, rem        :: a -> a -> a
  div, mod         :: a -> a -> a
  toInteger        :: a -> Integer

class (Num a) => Fractional a where
  (/)              :: a -> a -> a
  fromRational     :: Rational -> a

class (Fractional a) => Floating a where
  exp, log, sqrt      :: a -> a
  sin, cos, tan       :: a -> a

class (Real a, Fractional a) => RealFrac a where
  truncate, round  :: (Integral b) => a -> b
  ceiling, floor   :: (Integral b) => a -> b

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- numerical functions

even, odd        :: (Integral a) => a -> Bool
even n           = n `rem` 2 == 0
odd              = not . even

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- monadic functions

sequence     :: Monad m => [m a] -> m [a]
sequence     = foldr mcons (return [])
                    where mcons p q = do x <- p; xs <- q; return (x:xs)

sequence_    :: Monad m => [m a] -> m ()
sequence_ xs = do sequence xs; return ()

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- functions on functions

id               :: a -> a
id x             = x

const            :: a -> b -> a
const x _        = x

(.)              :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c
f . g            = \ x -> f (g x)

flip             :: (a -> b -> c) -> b -> a -> c
flip f x y       = f y x

($) :: (a -> b) -> a -> b
f $  x           = f x

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- functions on Bools

data Bool = False | True

(&&), (||)       :: Bool -> Bool -> Bool
True  && x       = x
False && _       = False
True  || _       = True
False || x       = x

not              :: Bool -> Bool
not True         = False
not False        = True

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- functions on Maybe

data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a

isJust                 :: Maybe a -> Bool
isJust (Just a)        =  True
isJust Nothing         =  False

isNothing              :: Maybe a -> Bool
isNothing              =  not . isJust

fromJust               :: Maybe a -> a
fromJust (Just a)      =  a

maybeToList            :: Maybe a -> [a]
maybeToList Nothing    =  []
maybeToList (Just a)   =  [a]

listToMaybe            :: [a] -> Maybe a
listToMaybe []         =  Nothing
listToMaybe (a:_)      =  Just a

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- functions on pairs

fst              :: (a,b) -> a
fst (x,y)        =  x

snd              :: (a,b) -> b
snd (x,y)        =  y

curry            :: ((a, b) -> c) -> a -> b -> c
curry f x y      =  f (x, y)

uncurry          :: (a -> b -> c) -> ((a, b) -> c)
uncurry f p      =  f (fst p) (snd p)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- functions on lists

map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
map f xs = [ f x | x <- xs ]

(++) :: [a] -> [a] -> [a]
xs ++ ys = foldr (:) ys xs

filter :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
filter p xs = [ x | x <- xs, p x ]

concat :: [[a]] -> [a]
concat xss = foldr (++) [] xss

concatMap :: (a -> [b]) -> [a] -> [b]
concatMap f = concat . map f

head, last       :: [a] -> a
head (x:_)       = x

last [x]         = x
last (_:xs)      = last xs

tail, init       :: [a] -> [a]
tail (_:xs)      = xs

init [x]         = []
init (x:xs)      = x : init xs

null             :: [a] -> Bool
null []          = True
null (_:_)       = False

length           :: [a] -> Int
length []        = 0
length (_:l)     = 1 + length l

(!!)             :: [a] -> Int -> a
(x:_)  !! 0      = x
(_:xs) !! n      = xs !! (n-1)

foldr            :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> [a] -> b
foldr f z []     =  z
foldr f z (x:xs) =  f x (foldr f z xs)

foldl            :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> [b] -> a
foldl f z []     =  z
foldl f z (x:xs) =  foldl f (f z x) xs

iterate          :: (a -> a) -> a -> [a]
iterate f x      =  x : iterate f (f x)

repeat           :: a -> [a]
repeat x         =  xs where xs = x:xs

replicate        :: Int -> a -> [a]
replicate n x    =  take n (repeat x)

cycle            :: [a] -> [a]
cycle []         =  error "Prelude.cycle: empty list"
cycle xs         =  xs' where xs' = xs ++ xs'

take, drop             :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
take n _      | n <= 0 =  []
take _ []              =  []
take n (x:xs)          =  x : take (n-1) xs

drop n xs     | n <= 0 =  xs
drop _ []              =  []
drop n (_:xs)          =  drop (n-1) xs

splitAt                :: Int -> [a] -> ([a],[a])
splitAt n xs           =  (take n xs, drop n xs)

takeWhile, dropWhile    :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
takeWhile p []          =  []
takeWhile p (x:xs)
            | p x       =  x : takeWhile p xs
            | otherwise =  []

dropWhile p []          =  []
dropWhile p xs@(x:xs')
            | p x       =  dropWhile p xs'
            | otherwise =  xs

lines, words     :: String -> [String]
-- lines "apa\nbepa\ncepa\n" == ["apa","bepa","cepa"]
-- words "apa  bepa\n cepa"  == ["apa","bepa","cepa"]

unlines, unwords :: [String] -> String
-- unlines ["apa","bepa","cepa"] == "apa\nbepa\ncepa"
-- unwords ["apa","bepa","cepa"] == "apa bepa cepa"

reverse          :: [a] -> [a]
reverse          =  foldl (flip (:)) []

and, or          :: [Bool] -> Bool
and              =  foldr (&&) True
or               =  foldr (||) False

any, all         :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> Bool
any p            =  or . map p
all p            =  and . map p

elem, notElem    :: (Eq a) => a -> [a] -> Bool
elem x           =  any (== x)
notElem x        =  all (/= x)

lookup           :: (Eq a) => a -> [(a,b)] -> Maybe b
lookup key []    =  Nothing
lookup key ((x,y):xys)
    | key == x   =  Just y
    | otherwise  =  lookup key xys

sum, product     :: (Num a) => [a] -> a
sum              =  foldl (+) 0
product          =  foldl (*) 1

maximum, minimum :: (Ord a) => [a] -> a
maximum []       =  error "Prelude.maximum: empty list"
maximum xs       =  foldl1 max xs

minimum []       =  error "Prelude.minimum: empty list"
minimum xs       =  foldl1 min xs

zip              :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a,b)]
zip              =  zipWith (,)

zipWith          :: (a->b->c) -> [a]->[b]->[c]
zipWith z (a:as) (b:bs)
                 =  z a b : zipWith z as bs
zipWith _ _ _    =  []

unzip            :: [(a,b)] -> ([a],[b])
unzip            =  foldr (\(a,b) ~(as,bs) -> (a:as,b:bs)) ([],[])

nub              :: Eq a => [a] -> [a]
nub []           = []
nub (x:xs)       = x : nub [ y | y <- xs, x /= y ]

delete           :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> [a]
delete y []      = []
delete y (x:xs)  = if x == y then xs else x : delete y xs

(\\)             :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
(\\)             = foldl (flip delete)

union            :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
union xs ys      = xs ++ (ys \\ xs)

intersect        :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
intersect xs ys  = [ x | x <- xs, x `elem` ys ]

intersperse      :: a -> [a] -> [a]
-- intersperse 0 [1,2,3,4] == [1,0,2,0,3,0,4]

transpose        :: [[a]] -> [[a]]
-- transpose [[1,2,3],[4,5,6]] == [[1,4],[2,5],[3,6]]

partition        :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> ([a],[a])
partition p xs   = (filter p xs, filter (not . p) xs)

group            :: Eq a => [a] -> [[a]]
-- group "aapaabbbeee" == ["aa","p","aa","bbb","eee"]

isPrefixOf, isSuffixOf   :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Bool
isPrefixOf []     _      =  True
isPrefixOf _      []     =  False
isPrefixOf (x:xs) (y:ys) =  x == y && isPrefixOf xs ys

isSuffixOf x y           =  reverse x `isPrefixOf` reverse y

sort              :: (Ord a) => [a] -> [a]
sort              = foldr insert []

insert            :: (Ord a) => a -> [a] -> [a]
insert x []       = [x]
insert x (y:xs)   = if x <= y then x:y:xs else y:insert x xs

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- functions on Char

type String = [Char]

toUpper, toLower :: Char -> Char
-- toUpper 'a' == 'A'
-- toLower 'Z' == 'z'

digitToInt :: Char -> Int
-- digitToInt '8' == 8

intToDigit :: Int -> Char
-- intToDigit 3 == '3'

ord :: Char -> Int
chr :: Int  -> Char

isDigit :: Char -> Bool

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- input/output

putStr  :: String -> IO ()
getLine :: IO String

readFile  :: FilePath -> IO String
writeFile :: FilePath -> String -> IO ()

--------------------------------------------------------------------------