.. This document is written in reStructuredText, http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html .. title:: Artificial Intelligence, Suggested reading .. include:: menu.txt Obligatory reading ========================= The main literature is this standard textbook: - Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig (2010). `Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach `_, 3rd Edition, Pearson. Should be in stock at Cremona. *Be sure to buy the 3rd edition (blue cover)!* Suggested reading ========================= Historical papers in AI --------------------------- - `"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" `_, written by Alan Turing and published in 1950 in Mind, is a seminal paper on the topic of artificial intelligence in which the concept of what is now known as the Turing test was introduced to a wide audience. - `Logic Theorist `_ is a symbolic information processing program designed to prove theorems in the propositional calculus. It was programmed by Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, and J.C. Shaw, of the RAND Corporation and Carnegie Technical Institute in 1956. At the time Logic Theorist was the first and only existing program to perform what might be considered intelligent or thinking behavior. - `General Problem Solver (GPS) `_ was a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert Simon, J.C. Shaw, and Allen Newell that separated out the universal aspects of problem solving into a machine that could be tuned to particular domains by adding domain specific knowledge. - `"Planning with common sense" `_ is a classic paper by John McCarthy (1959), in which he uses logic to describe the manner in which intelligent machines or people behave. - Artificial intelligence research was in a slump in the 1980s, making hulking boxes on wheels that relied on expensive sensors and computers and took hours to navigate a room. Rodney Brooks knew something was fundamentally wrong with this approach. Human beings take seconds, not hours, to walk across a room, and yet our brains are slower than a computer's. In a revolutionary paper titled `"Elephants Don't Play Chess" `_, Brooks turned the field of robotics on its head by introducing the idea of behavior based robotics. - The idea in the Cyc project is that a very large component of intelligence is a huge database of facts about the world. Cyc has therefore built the world's largest and most complete general knowledge base and commonsense reasoning engine. `OpenCyc `_ is the open source version. - 1975 ACM `Turing Award Lecture `_, by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon . Overviews of AI ------------------ - `"A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" `_, by Buchanan. - `This article `_ by McCarthy answers basic questions about artificial intelligence. - `A paper `_ by Shapiro about the definition of AI. - `In this paper `_ by Nilsson a view of AI is presented that is based on a declarative representation of knowledge with semantic attachments to problem-specific procedures and data structures. - `"Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence" `_, by McCarthy and Hayes. - `"Thinking machines" `_ by Terry Winograd is a classical paper about philosophy and AI.